Чӑваш чӗлхи

Chuvash

Turkic (Oghur)

FamilyTurkic (Oghur) Speakers~1M ScriptCyrillic (with Ӑ Ӗ Ҫ Ӳ) CountriesRussia (Chuvashia) Official inRepublic of Chuvashia (co-official) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3chv

Chuvash (Чӑвашла Čăvašla) is the sole surviving Oghur Turkic language and represents the deepest split in the Turkic family — Common Turkic on one side and Chuvash (Oghur) on the other, with ~1M speakers along the middle Volga. It preserves Proto-Turkic features lost elsewhere in Turkic: rhotacism (Common Turkic z ↔ Chuvash r, e.g. CT "ökü͡z" cattle ↔ Chuv "văkăr") and lambdacism (Common Turkic š ↔ Chuvash l), making it crucial for historical reconstruction of the Proto-Turkic ancestor. The direct descendant of the medieval Volga Bulgar language attested in 13th-14th c. tombstones, Chuvash is co-official with Russian in the Republic of Chuvashia (capital Cheboksary). The Cyrillic script with diacritics (Ӑ ӑ Ӗ ӗ Ҫ ҫ Ӳ ӳ) has been standard since 1872 (Yakovlev orthography), replacing earlier brief experiments with Arabic and Latin scripts.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Chuvash

Water

шыв

/ʃɯv/

Fire

вут

/vut/

Sun

хӗвел

/xɘvel/

Moon

уйӑх

/ujəx/

Mother

анне

/anne/

Father

атте

/atte/

Eat

ҫиес

/ɕies/

Drink

ӗҫес

/ɘɕes/

Love

юрату

/juratu/

Heart

чӗре

/tɕɘre/

Tree

йывӑҫ

/jɯvəɕ/

House

ҫурт

/ɕurt/

Dog

йытӑ

/jɯtə/

Cat

кушак

/kuʃak/

Hand

ал

/al/

Eye

куҫ

/kuɕ/

Hello

салам

/salam/

Thank you

тав

/tav/

One

пӗр

/pɘr/

Good

лайӑх

/lajəx/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Turkic (Oghur) languages

Meaning ChuvashKarachay-BalkarKarakalpakKarakhanidTuvanKumykKyrgyz
Water шыв /ʃɯv/ суу /suw/ suw /suw/ suw /suw/ суг /suɣ/ сув /suv/ суу /suː/
Fire вут /vut/ от /ot/ ot /ot/ ot /ot/ от /ot/ от /ot/ от /ot/
Sun хӗвел /xɘvel/ кюн /kyn/ kún /kyn/ kün /kyn/ хүн /xyn/ гюн /ɡyn/ күн /kyn/
Moon уйӑх /ujəx/ ай /aj/ ay /aj/ ay /aj/ ай /aj/ ай /aj/ ай /ɑj/
Mother анне /anne/ ана /ana/ ana /ana/ ana /ana/ ава /ava/ ана /ana/ эне /ene/
Father атте /atte/ ата /ata/ ata /ata/ ata /ata/ ача /atɕa/ ата /ata/ ата /ɑtɑ/
Eat ҫиес /ɕies/ ашаргъа /aʃarʁa/ jew /ʒew/ yi- /ji/ чиир /tɕiːr/ ашамакъ /aʃamaq/ жеш /dʒeʃ/
Drink ӗҫес /ɘɕes/ ичерге /itʃerɡe/ ishiw /iʃiw/ ič- /itʃ/ ижер /iʒer/ ичмек /itʃmek/ ичүү /ɪtʃyː/
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