原始オーストロアジア語
Proto-Austroasiatic
Austroasiatic (proto)
Proto-Austroasiatic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Austroasiatic family, which includes Vietnamese, Khmer, Mon, the Munda languages of eastern India, and many smaller languages of mainland Southeast Asia. Reconstructions are based primarily on Harry Shorto's posthumous Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary (2006) and continuing work by Paul Sidwell. The likely homeland is in mainland Southeast Asia, around the middle Mekong basin, with a depth of roughly 5,000 years. Forms shown here use Shorto/Sidwell transcription with a leading asterisk; many basic-vocabulary slots are intentionally left as '—' because no widely accepted reconstruction exists for them.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Proto-Austroasiatic
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *muəjʔ | /*muəjʔ/ | |
| 二 | two | *ɓaːr | /*ɓaːr/ | |
| 三 | three | *peːʔ | /*peːʔ/ | |
| 四 | four | *puənʔ | /*puənʔ/ | |
| 六 | six | *pruʔ | /*pruʔ/ | |
| 七 | seven | *pɔh | /*pɔh/ | |
| 八 | eight | *tNɕaːm | /*tɲcaːm/ | |
| 日 | sun | *tŋiːʔ | /*tŋiːʔ/ | |
| 月 | moon | *kVcaːj | /*kəcaːj/ | |
| 水 | water | *ɗaːk | /*ɗaːk/ | |
| 火 | fire | *ʔuːs | /*ʔuːs/ | |
| 木 | tree | *ɟɕɨːʔ | /*ɟcɨːʔ/ | |
| 土 | soil | *teːʔ | /*teːʔ/ | |
| 地 | ground | *teːʔ | /*teːʔ/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | *klaːʔ | /*klaːʔ/ | |
| 犬 | dog | *cɔʔ | /*cɔʔ/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | *ciːm | /*ciːm/ | |
| 魚 | fish | *kaʔ | /*kaʔ/ | |
| 人 | person | *kmiː | /*kmiː/ | |
| 手 | hand | *tiːʔ | /*tiːʔ/ | |
| 足 | foot | *ɟəːŋ | /*ɟəːŋ/ | |
| 目 | eye | *mat | /*mat/ | |
| 耳 | ear | *ktɔːr | /*ktɔːr/ | |
| 頭 | head | *kduəl | /*kduəl/ | |
| 血 | blood | *mhaːm | /*mhaːm/ | |
| 肉 | meat | *sɔc | /*sɔc/ | |
| 行 | go | *cuːr | /*cuːr/ | |
| 行 | row | *cuːr | /*cuːr/ | |
| 食 | eat | *ca(ː)ʔ | /*caːʔ/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *ʔɔːk | /*ʔɔːk/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *ŋkuːʔ | /*ŋkuːʔ/ | |
| 立 | stand | *cɔŋ | /*cɔŋ/ |
Sources
- Shorto 2006
- Sidwell 2010
Han readings compared
Compared with related Austroasiatic (proto) languages
| Character | Proto-Austroasiatic | Proto-Tai | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Japonic | Chinese (Han dynasty Classical) | Proto-Tibeto-Burman | Proto-Hmong-Mien |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *muəjʔ /*muəjʔ/ | *ɲɯŋ.A /*ɲɯŋ˧/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *ʔi[t] /*ʔi[t]/ | — | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ |
| 二 | *ɓaːr /*ɓaːr/ | *soːŋ.A /*soːŋ˧/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | *puta /*puta/ | *ni[j]-s /*ni[j]-s/ | *g-nis /*g-nis/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ |
| 三 | *peːʔ /*peːʔ/ | *saːm.A /*saːm˧/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *mi /*mi/ | *s.rum /*s.rum/ | *g-sum /*g-sum/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ |
| 四 | *puənʔ /*puənʔ/ | *siː.B /*siː˨/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *jə /*jə/ | *s.li[j]-s /*s.li[j]-s/ | *b-ləy /*b-ləy/ | *plei /*plei/ |
| 六 | *pruʔ /*pruʔ/ | *hrok.D /*hrok̚/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *mu /*mu/ | *k.ruk /*k.ruk/ | *d-k-ruk /*d-k-ruk/ | *kruk /*kruk/ |
| 七 | *pɔh /*pɔh/ | *cet.D /*cet̚/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *nana /*nana/ | *[tsʰ]i[t] /*[tsʰ]i[t]/ | — | — |
| 八 | *tNɕaːm /*tɲcaːm/ | *peːt.D /*peːt̚/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | *ja /*ja/ | *pˤret /*pˤret/ | *b-r-gyat 形*b-r-gyat /*b-r-gyat/*b-g-ryat 形*b-g-ryat /*b-g-ryat/ | — |
| 日 | *tŋiːʔ /*tŋiːʔ/ | *ŋwan.A /*ŋwan˧/ | *siun /*siun/ | *pi /*pi/ | *C.nik /*C.nik/ | *nəy /*nəy/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ |
| 月 | *kVcaːj /*kəcaːj/ | *ɓlɯan.A /*ɓlɯan˧/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *[ŋ]ʷat /*[ŋ]ʷat/ | s- 形*s-la /*s-la/g- 形*g-la /*g-la/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ |
| 水 | *ɗaːk /*ɗaːk/ | *C̬.nam.C /*nam˥˩/ | *mū /*muː/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *s.turʔ /*s.turʔ/ | — | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ |
| 火 | *ʔuːs /*ʔuːs/ | *wɤj.A /*vɤj˧/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *poy /*poi/ | *[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ /*[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ/ | *mey /*mey/ | — |
| 木 | *ɟɕɨːʔ /*ɟcɨːʔ/ | *mwaj.C /*maj˥˩/ | *mō /*moː/ | *kəy /*kəi/ | *C.mˤok /*C.mˤok/ | — | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ |
| 土 | *teːʔ /*teːʔ/ | *ɗin.A /*ɗin˧/ | *na /*na/ | *tuti /*tuti/ | *tʰˤaʔ /*tʰˤaʔ/ | — | — |
| 地 | *teːʔ /*teːʔ/ | *ɗin.A /*ɗin˧/ | *na /*na/ | — | *[l]ˤej-s /*lˤej-s/ | — | — |
| 虎 | *klaːʔ /*klaːʔ/ | *xrwaːj.A /*xrwaːj˧/ | — | — | *qʰˤraʔ /*qʰˤraʔ/ | — | *tsjɔB /*tsjɔB/ |
| 犬 | *cɔʔ /*cɔʔ/ | *hmaː.A /*hmaː˧/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *enu /*enu/ | *[k]ʷʰˤenʔ /*[k]ʷʰˤenʔ/ | *kʷəy /*kʷəy/ | *qluwX /*qluwX/ |
| 鳥 | *ciːm /*ciːm/ | *C̬.nok.D /*nok̚/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *təri /*təri/ | *tˤiwʔ /*tˤiwʔ/ | — | *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/ |
| 魚 | *kaʔ /*kaʔ/ | *plaː.A /*plaː˧/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *iwo /*iwo/ | *[ŋ]a /*[ŋ]a/ | *ŋ(y)a /*ŋ(y)a/ | *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/ |
| 人 | *kmiː /*kmiː/ | *ɢwɯn.A /*kɤn˧/ | *niama /*niama/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *ni[ŋ] /*ni[ŋ]/ | *r-mi(y) /*r-mi(y)/ | *lan /*ʔja/ |
| 手 | *tiːʔ /*tiːʔ/ | *mɯː.A /*mɯː˧/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *ta /*ta/ | *n̥uʔ /*n̥uʔ/ | l- 形*l(y)ak /*l(y)ak/d- 形*dyak /*dyak/ | — |
| 足 | *ɟəːŋ /*ɟəːŋ/ | *tiːn.A /*tiːn˧/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *asi /*asi/ | *[ts]ok /*[ts]ok/ | — | — |
| 目 | *mat /*mat/ | *p.taː.A /*taː˧/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *ma /*ma/ | *C.muk /*C.muk/ | *s-mik 形*s-mik /*s-mik/*s-myak 形*s-myak /*s-myak/ | — |
| 耳 | *ktɔːr /*ktɔːr/ | *krwɯː.A /*qruː˧/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *mimi /*mimi/ | *C.nəʔ /*C.nəʔ/ | *r-na /*r-na/ | — |
| 頭 | *kduəl /*kduəl/ | *kraw.C /*kraw˥˩/ | *dil /*dil/ | *kasira /*kasira/ | *[m-t]ˤo /*[m-t]ˤo/ | — | *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/ |
| 血 | *mhaːm /*mhaːm/ | *lɯat.D /*lɯat̚/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *ti /*ti/ | *m̥ˤik /*m̥ˤik/ | *s-hywəy /*s-hywəy/ | *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/ |
| 肉 | *sɔc /*sɔc/ | *nɯːʔ.C /*nɯː˥˩/ | *uldʒə /*uld͡ʒə/ | *sisi /*sisi/ | *k.nuk /*k.nuk/ | *sya /*sya/ | — |
| 行 | *cuːr /*cuːr/ | *jaːŋ.A /*jaːŋ˧/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *ik- /*ik-/ | *Cə-[g]ˤraŋ /*Cə-[g]ˤraŋ/ | — | — |
| 行 | *cuːr /*cuːr/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *okonap- /*okonap-/ | *[g]ˤraŋ /*[g]ˤraŋ/ | — | — |
| 食 | *ca(ː)ʔ /*caːʔ/ | *kɯn.A /*kɯn˧/ | *dʒəp- /*d͡ʒəp-/ | *kup- /*kup-/ | *mə-lək /*mə-lək/ | *dzya /*dzya/ | — |
| 飲 | *ʔɔːk /*ʔɔːk/ | *ɗɯːm.A /*ɗɯːm˧/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *q(r)[u]mʔ /*q(r)[u]mʔ/ | — | — |
| 坐 | *ŋkuːʔ /*ŋkuːʔ/ | *naŋ.B /*naŋ˨/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ /*[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ/ | — | — |
| 立 | *cɔŋ /*cɔŋ/ | *ɟɯn.A /*ɟɯn˧/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *tat- /*tat-/ | *k.rəp /*k.rəp/ | — | — |
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