Terêna

Terena

Arawakan

FamilyArawakan Speakers~9–15K ScriptLatin alphabet Official inNo official status; Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. UNESCO classifies it as severely endangered (Level 3 of 5)

Terena is an Arawakan language spoken by roughly 9,000–15,000 Terena people, chiefly in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with smaller communities in São Paulo and Mato Grosso. Glottolog groups Terena with the closely related or historically named Kinikinao, Chané, and Guaná varieties, and assesses the language as threatened. Terena has active–stative alignment and flexible constituent order, with VOS commonly described as basic. It is written in a Latin-based orthography and is used in some community schools, publications, and religious materials. Most speakers are bilingual in Portuguese, and the strength of transmission varies between settlements, making locally led education and documentation important.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Terena

Water

une

/une/

Fire

yukú

/juku/

Sun

kaché

/kaʃe/

Moon

jaso

/jaso/

Star

uáti

/ˈwaːti/

Mother

õ

/õ/

Father

ãno

/ãno/

I

ûndi

/ˈũndi/

You

îti

/ˈĩti/

Name

ináti

/iˈnaːti/

Eye

õto

/õto/

Hand

uoú

/uou/

Heart

pãho

/pãho/

Love

ono

/ono/

Tree

/jõ/

House

ovongu

/ovoŋɡu/

Dog

ano

/ano/

Cat

ãno

/ãno/

Eat

yoho

/joho/

Drink

upú

/upu/

One

paisuan

/paisuan/

Two

piá

/piˈa/

Hello

kumé

/kume/

Thank you

obrigado

/obriɡado/

Good

ũ

/ũ/

Words compared

Compared with related Arawakan languages

Meaning TerenaTrinitario MojeñoZuluMandinkaShuarTuroyoLule Sámi
Water une /une/ oka /oka/ amanzi /amanzi/ jiyo /dʒijo/ yumi /jumi/ ܡܝܐ /majo/ tjáhtje /tʃaːhtje/
Fire yukú /juku/ yuku /juku/ umlilo /umlilo/ dimbaa /dimbaː/ ji /hi/ ܢܘܪܐ /nuro/ dålla /tolːa/
Sun kaché /kaʃe/ choo /tʃo/ ilanga /ilaŋɡa/ tilo /tilo/ etsa /etsa/ ܫܡܫܐ /ʃamʃo/ biejvve /pie̯jvːe/
Moon jaso /jaso/ moõ /moõ/ inyanga /iɲaŋɡa/ karoo /karoː/ nantu /nantu/ ܣܗܪܐ /sahro/ mánno /maːnːo/
Star uáti /ˈwaːti/ wai'i /waiʔi/ inkanyezi /iŋkaˈɲeːzi/ looloo /loːloː/ yaa /jaː/ ܟܟܒܐ /kəxwo/ náste /ˈnaːste/
Mother õ /õ/ meme /meme/ umama /umama/ baa /baː/ nukur /nukuɾ/ ܐܡܐ /imo/ iedne /iedne/
Father ãno /ãno/ tata /tata/ ubaba /uɓaɓa/ faa /faː/ apar /apaɾ/ ܒܒܐ /babo/ áhttje /aːhtːje/
I ûndi /ˈũndi/ nuti /nuti/ mina /ˈmiːna/ nte /nte/ wi /wi/ ܐܢܐ /ono/ mån /mɔn/
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