Goídelc

Old Irish

Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) SpeakersExtinct (~600-900 CE) ScriptLatin (uncial) / Ogham (earlier) CountriesIreland, Scotland (briefly Pictish areas) Official inEarly Irish kingdoms Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3sga

Old Irish is the form of Irish from c. 600-900 CE, attested primarily in glosses on Latin manuscripts (Würzburg, Milan, St. Gall) carried to the continent by Irish monks, and in legal and ecclesiastical texts. It is famously complex morphologically, with three series of initial consonant mutations (lenition, nasalization, h-prothesis), elaborate verb agreement, deponent verbs, and split-ergative-like alignment in certain constructions — features later simplified in Middle and Modern Irish.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Old Irish

Water

uisce

/ˈusʲkʲe/

Fire

tene

/tene/

Sun

grían

/ɡrian/

Moon

éscae

/eːskai/

Star

rétla

/ˈreːdla/

Mother

máthair

/maːθirʲ/

Father

athair

/aθirʲ/

I

/mʲeː/

You

/tuː/

Name

ainm

/anʲmʲ/

Eye

súil

/suːlʲ/

Hand

lám

/laːv/

Heart

cride

/krʲiðʲe/

Love

serc

/serk/

Tree

crann

/kran/

House

tech

/tex/

Dog

/kuː/

Cat

cat

/kat/

Eat

ithid

/iθʲiðʲ/

Drink

ibid

/iβʲiðʲ/

One

oín

/oːin/

Two

/daː/

Hello

fochen

/foxʲen/

Thank you

atlochur

/atloxur/

Good

maith

/maθʲ/

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Celtic, Goidelic) languages

Meaning Old IrishMiddle IrishIrishManxScottish GaelicMiddle EnglishSlovenian
Water uisce /ˈusʲkʲe/ usce /uske/ uisce /ɪʃcə/ ushtey /ˈuʃtʲə/ uisge /ɯʃkʲə/ water /watər/ voda /ˈʋɔːda/
Fire tene /tene/ tene /tene/ tine /tʲɪnʲə/ aile /ailʲ/ teine /ˈtʲɛnʲə/ fyr /fyːr/ ogenj /oːɡənj/
Sun grían /ɡrian/ grían /ɡrian/ grian /ɡɾʲiən/ grian /ɡriən/ grian /kɾʲiən/ sonne /sɔnːə/ sonce /soːntsɛ/
Moon éscae /eːskai/ ésca /eːska/ gealach /ɟalax/ eayst /eːst/ gealach /kʲaɫəx/ mone /moːnə/ luna /luːna/
Star rétla /ˈreːdla/ rétla /ˈreːtla/ réalta /ˈɾˠeːl̪ˠt̪ˠə/ rollage /ˈrolaːɡ/ reul /rial/ sterre /ˈstɛrːə/ zvezda /ˈzʋeːzda/
Mother máthair /maːθirʲ/ máthair /maːθirʲ/ máthair /mɑːhəɾʲ/ moir /mɔːɾ/ màthair /maːhəɾʲ/ moder /moːdər/ mati /maːti/
Father athair /aθirʲ/ athair /aθirʲ/ athair /ahəɾʲ/ ayr /ɛːr/ athair /ahəɾʲ/ fader /faːdər/ oče /oːtʃɛ/
I /mʲeː/ /mʲeː/ /mʲeː/ mee /miː/ mi /mi/ I /iː/ jaz /jaːs/
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