Rotokas

North Bougainville (isolate-like)

FamilyNorth Bougainville (isolate-like) Speakers~4K ScriptLatin CountriesPapua New Guinea (Bougainville) Official inNo Vitalitydefinitely endangered ISO 639-3roo Glottocoderoto1249

Rotokas is famous for having one of the smallest phoneme inventories in the world: just six consonants (p, t, k, β, ɾ, ɡ) and five vowels in the central dialect — no nasals at all. Spoken by ~4,000 people in the mountainous interior of Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea). The central-dialect inventory was first carefully documented by Stuart and Janice Firchow (1973) for the Summer Institute of Linguistics; Stuart Robinson (2006, 2011) re-examined the Aita dialect, which adds nasal segments and brings the consonant count closer to nine. Because Rotokas has such a small sound system, words tend to be longer than in phonologically rich languages — a small alphabet of phonemes needs more syllables to keep words apart.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Rotokas

Water

ovi

/oβi/

Fire

erava

/eɾaβa/

Sun

ravireo

/ɾaβiɾeo/

Moon

kekira

/kekiɾa/

Star

kepatu

/kepatu/

Mother

aako

/aːko/

Father

aite

/aite/

I

ragai

/raɡai/

You

aviri

/aβiri/

Name

itava

/itaβa/

Eye

osireito

/osiɾeito/

Hand

/—/

Heart

/—/

Love

/—/

Tree

evaova

/eβaoβa/

House

kepa

/kepa/

Dog

kaakau

/kaːkau/

Cat

/—/

Eat

aio

/aio/

Drink

/—/

One

katai

/katai/

Two

oira

/oira/

Hello

ega

/eɡa/

Thank you

/—/

Good

rekoreko

/ɾekoɾeko/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related North Bougainville (isolate-like) languages

Meaning RotokasYangkaalLardilNekoYuchiBabuza (Favorlang)Pyu
Water ovi /oβi/ ngogo /ŋoɡo/ kantha /kanθa/ wai /wai/ cha /tʃa/ zalum /zalum/ ʔuy /uj/
Fire erava /eɾaβa/ ngida /ŋida/ jalul /dʒalul/ titɛ /titɛ/ tsoda /tsoda/ apoi /apoi/ vyaŋ /wjaŋ/
Sun ravireo /ɾaβiɾeo/ wargu /waɾɡu/ thurara /θuɾaɾa/ aatʌ /aːtʌ/ dethla /dɛhla/ /—/ ño /ɲo/
Moon kekira /kekiɾa/ waldar /waldaɾ/ kirdikir /kiɖikir/ /—/ zethla /zɛhla/ zilias /siliəs/ hla /hla/
Star kepatu /kepatu/ thurara /t̪uɾaɾa/ kambin /kambin/ kumba /kumba/ weʼyv /weʔỹ/ botto /botːo/ kar /karʔ/
Mother aako /aːko/ ngama /ŋama/ ngama /ŋama/ /—/ ahnʌh /ahnʌh/ tina /tina/ na /na/
Father aite /aite/ kanda /kanda/ /—/ /—/ /—/ tama /tama/ paʔ /paʔ/
I ragai /raɡai/ ngada /ŋada/ ngada /ŋada/ na /na/ di /di/ ka-ina /kaina/ ŋa /ŋa/
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