Kwak'wala

Wakashan (Northern)

FamilyWakashan (Northern) Speakers~250 (severely endangered) ScriptLatin (with apostrophes for ejectives, x̱ for /x/, ƛ for /tɬ/) CountriesCanada (British Columbia coast) Official inNo (recognized aboriginal) Vitalityseverely endangered ISO 639-3kwk

Kwak'wala is the principal Northern Wakashan language, spoken by the Kwakwaka'wakw of British Columbia's central coast around Alert Bay, Fort Rupert, and Quatsino Sound. Its phoneme inventory includes ejectives (k', t', p'), uvulars, lateral affricates, and a distinct laryngeal series that combine into onset clusters of remarkable density. The language is famous for its association with the elaborate potlatch ceremonies that anthropologist Franz Boas documented intensively in the late 19th century.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Kwak'wala

Water

'wap

/ʔwap/

Fire

lax̱

/lax/

Sun

ƛ'isa̱la

/tɬʼisəla/

Moon

'mukwa

/ʔmukʷa/

Star

kʼutʼala

/kʼutʼala/

Mother

abe

/abe/

Father

o̱mp

/omp/

I

nugwaʼam

/nuɡʷaʔam/

You

suʼ

/suʔ/

Name

ʼLegam

/ɬəɡəm/

Eye

gigayu

/ɡiɡaju/

Hand

'wała

/ʔwaɬa/

Heart

ts'iłas

/tsʼiɬas/

Love

'ya̱x̱is

/ʔjəxis/

Tree

x̱o̱kwa

/xokʷa/

House

g̱ukw

/ɡukʷ/

Dog

'wa̱ts'i

/ʔwətsʼi/

Cat

pi̱s

/pis/

Eat

ha̱'ma̱p

/həʔməp/

Drink

na̱'qa

/naʔqa/

One

'na̱m

/ʔnəm/

Two

maʼłok

/maːɬuxʷ/

Hello

gilakas'la

/ɡilakasʔla/

Thank you

gilakas'la

/ɡilakasʔla/

Good

ek

/ek/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Wakashan (Northern) languages

Meaning Kwak'walaTojolabalTzotzilAguacatecoTabasco ChontalCholTarahumara
Water 'wap /ʔwap/ jaʼ /haʔ/ voʼ /voʔ/ /aʔ/ jaʼ /haʔ/ jaʼ /haʔ/ bawí /bawi/
Fire lax̱ /lax/ kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ qʼaq /qʼaq/ kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ kʼajk /kʼahk/ nahí /nahi/
Sun ƛ'isa̱la /tɬʼisəla/ kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ qʼijl /qʼihl/ kʼin /kʼin/ kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ rayó /ɾajo/
Moon 'mukwa /ʔmukʷa/ ixaw /iʃaw/ u /u/ xahaw /ʃahaw/ ä /æ/ uw /uw/ mecá /metʃa/
Star kʼutʼala /kʼutʼala/ kʼanal /kʼanal/ kʼanal /kʼanal/ chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ sopolí /sopoli/
Mother abe /abe/ nan /nan/ meʼ /meʔ/ naa /naː/ naʼ /naʔ/ ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ iyé /ije/
Father o̱mp /omp/ tat /tat/ tot /tot/ mam /mam/ tat /tat/ tat /tat/ onó /ono/
I nugwaʼam /nuɡʷaʔam/ keʼn /keʔn/ voʼon /voʔon/ in /in/ noʼon /noʔon/ joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ nejé /nehe/
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