Drekay

Rukai

Austronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch)

FamilyAustronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch) Speakers~10K ScriptLatin CountriesTaiwan (Pingtung, Kaohsiung, Taitung counties) Official inYes (recognized national language of Taiwan, Indigenous Languages Act 2017) ISO 639-3dru Glottocoderuka1240

Rukai (Drekay), spoken by ~10K people across the Pingtung, Kaohsiung and Taitung mountains of southern Taiwan, is one of the most divergent Austronesian languages — Glottolog and most Formosanists place it on its own primary branch, coordinate with the rest of the family (i.e. as old a split as Proto-Austronesian itself). It has six recognised dialects (Tanan, Labuan, Budai, Maga, Tona, Mantauran), some so distinct (notably Mantauran) that they are scarcely mutually intelligible. Phonologically it preserves a four-vowel system /i e a u/ (some dialects add /ɨ/) and a uvular /q/, and grammatically uses Austronesian-style focus marking but lacks the full four-way voice system seen in most other Formosan languages, a typological puzzle central to debates on Proto-Austronesian reconstruction.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Rukai

Water

acilai

/aˈtsilai/

Fire

apoy

/aˈpoi/

Sun

vai

/vai/

Moon

dramare

/ɖamarə/

Star

tariaw

/taɾiaw/

Mother

kainā

/kaiˈnaː/

Father

amā

/aˈmaː/

I

kunaku

/kunaku/

You

kusu

/kusu/

Name

ngadhalj

/ŋaðaɭ/

Eye

maca

/ˈmatsa/

Hand

alima

/aˈlima/

Heart

atay

/aˈtai/

Love

ababai

/aˈbabai/

Tree

cəkələ

/tsəkələ/

House

daane

/daːne/

Dog

takanaw

/taˈkanau/

Cat

ngiyaw

/ŋiˈjau/

Eat

waane

/ˈwaːne/

Drink

otobi

/oˈtobi/

One

itha

/iˈθa/

Two

drusa

/ɖusa/

Hello

sabaw

/saˈbau/

Thank you

masalu

/maˈsalu/

Good

manangi

/maˈnaŋi/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Austronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch) languages

Meaning RukaiPaiwanPukapukanWallisianCoastal KadazanEast FutunanPuyuma
Water acilai /aˈtsilai/ zaljum /zaɭum/ wai /wai/ vai /vai/ waig /waiɡ/ vai /vai/ enay /enai/
Fire apoy /aˈpoi/ sapuy /sapui/ awi /ˈawi/ afi /aˈfi/ tapui /taˈpui/ afi /ˈafi/ apuy /apui/
Sun vai /vai/ qadaw /qadaw/ la /la/ laʻā /laˈʔaː/ tadau /taˈdau/ la'ā /laˈʔaː/ kadaw /kadaw/
Moon dramare /ɖamarə/ qiljas /qiɭas/ malama /maˈlama/ māhina /maːˈhina/ vuhan /ˈvuhan/ māsina /maːˈsina/ bulan /buɭan/
Star tariaw /taɾiaw/ vituqan /vituqan/ wetū /wetuː/ fetuʻu /fetuʔu/ tombituon /tombituon/ fetu'u /feˈtuʔu/ vituwan /vituwan/
Mother kainā /kaiˈnaː/ kina /kina/ mama /ˈmama/ faʻē /faˈʔeː/ tina /ˈtina/ tinana /tiˈnana/ ina /ina/
Father amā /aˈmaː/ kama /kama/ matua /maˈtua/ tāmai /taːˈmai/ tama /ˈtama/ tamana /taˈmana/ ama /ama/
I kunaku /kunaku/ tiaken /tiakən/ au /au/ au /au/ zou /zou/ au /au/ kuiku /kuiku/
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