Drekay

Rukai

Austronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch)

FamilyAustronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch) Speakers~10K ScriptLatin CountriesTaiwan (Pingtung, Kaohsiung, Taitung counties) Official inYes (recognized national language of Taiwan, Indigenous Languages Act 2017) ISO 639-3dru Glottocoderuka1240

Rukai (Drekay), spoken by ~10K people across the Pingtung, Kaohsiung and Taitung mountains of southern Taiwan, is one of the most divergent Austronesian languages — Glottolog and most Formosanists place it on its own primary branch, coordinate with the rest of the family (i.e. as old a split as Proto-Austronesian itself). It has six recognised dialects (Tanan, Labuan, Budai, Maga, Tona, Mantauran), some so distinct (notably Mantauran) that they are scarcely mutually intelligible. Phonologically it preserves a four-vowel system /i e a u/ (some dialects add /ɨ/) and a uvular /q/, and grammatically uses Austronesian-style focus marking but lacks the full four-way voice system seen in most other Formosan languages, a typological puzzle central to debates on Proto-Austronesian reconstruction.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Rukai

Water

acilai

/aˈt͡silai/

Fire

apoy

/aˈpoi/

Sun

vai

/vai/

Moon

valisi

/vaˈlisi/

Mother

kainā

/kaiˈnaː/

Father

amā

/aˈmaː/

Eat

waane

/ˈwaːne/

Drink

otobi

/oˈtobi/

Love

ababai

/aˈbabai/

Heart

atay

/aˈtai/

Tree

cəkələ

/t͡səkələ/

House

daane

/daːne/

Dog

takanaw

/taˈkanau/

Cat

ngiyaw

/ŋiˈjau/

Hand

alima

/aˈlima/

Eye

maca

/ˈmat͡sa/

Hello

sabaw

/saˈbau/

Thank you

masalu

/maˈsalu/

One

itha

/iˈθa/

Good

manangi

/maˈnaŋi/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Austronesian (Formosan, Rukai — own primary branch) languages

Meaning RukaiPukapukanWallisianHawaiianCoastal KadazanPaiwanMaguindanao
Water acilai /aˈt͡silai/ wai /wai/ vai /vai/ wai /wai/ waig /waiɡ/ zaljum /zaɭum/ ig /ʔiɡ/
Fire apoy /aˈpoi/ yayi /ˈjaji/ afi /aˈfi/ ahi /ahi/ tapui /taˈpui/ sapuy /sapui/ apoy /ʔaˈpoj/
Sun vai /vai/ la /la/ laʻā /laˈʔaː/ /laː/ tadau /taˈdau/ qadaw /qadaw/ senang /seˈnaŋ/
Moon valisi /vaˈlisi/ malama /maˈlama/ māhina /maːˈhina/ mahina /mɐˈhina/ vuhan /ˈvuhan/ qiljas /qiɭas/ bulan /buˈlan/
Mother kainā /kaiˈnaː/ mama /ˈmama/ faʻē /faˈʔeː/ makuahine /makuˈahine/ tina /ˈtina/ kina /kina/ ina /ˈʔina/
Father amā /aˈmaː/ matua /maˈtua/ tāmai /taːˈmai/ makuakāne /makuaˈkaːne/ tama /ˈtama/ kama /kama/ ama /ˈʔama/
Eat waane /ˈwaːne/ kai /kai/ kai /kai/ ʻai /ʔai/ mangakan /maˈŋakan/ keman /kəman/ kakan /kaˈkan/
Drink otobi /oˈtobi/ inu /ˈinu/ inu /ˈinu/ inu /inu/ monginum /moˈŋinum/ temekel /təməkəl/ inum /ʔiˈnum/
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