ꨌꩌ

Eastern Cham

Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic)

FamilyAustronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic) Speakers~73–132K ScriptCham script (Akhar Thrah, Brahmic); Latin (descriptive) CountriesVietnam (Ninh Thuận, Bình Thuận) Official inNo (recognized minority in Vietnam) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3cjm

Eastern Cham, also called Phan Rang Cham (ISO 639-3: cjm), is a Chamic Austronesian language spoken chiefly in Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận provinces of south-central Vietnam. It is distinct from Western Cham (cja), centered in Cambodia, and its speakers include Ahiér or Balamon and Awal or Bani communities as well as other religious affiliations. The traditional Akhar Thrah abugida, descended from South Indian Brahmic writing, is used in manuscripts and community instruction, while Latin transcription also appears in linguistic and educational work. Long contact with Vietnamese has reshaped word structure and produced phonation or register contrasts; some analyses describe incipient tonality, so a categorical “non-tonal” label is too simple. Eastern Cham has no nationwide official status, and transmission varies as Vietnamese increasingly dominates schooling and public life.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Eastern Cham

Water

ꨀꨳꨩ

/ʔiaː/

Fire

ꨀꨚꨶꨬ

/apuei/

Sun

ꨀꨕꨪꨓꨳꩀ

/a.ɗi.tiaʔ/

Moon

ꨝꨪꨤꩆ

/ɓi.lan/

Star

ꨝꨪꨓꨭꩀ

/ɓi.tuʔ/

Mother

ꨀꨟꨰꩀ

/a.meʔ/

Father

ꨀꨟꨲ

/a.mɨ/

I

ꨕꨨꨵꩀ

/ɗah.laʔ/

You

ꨨꨲ

/hɨ/

Name

ꨀꨋꩆ

/a.ŋan/

Eye

ꨟꨓꨩ

/mə.taː/

Hand

ꨓꨊꨪꩆ

/ta.ŋɪn/

Heart

ꨨꨓꨰ

/ha.tai/

Love

ꨀꨘꨪꩅ

/a.nit/

Tree

ꨆꨢꨮꨭ

/ka.jauː/

House

ꨧꩃ

/saːŋ/

Dog

ꨀꨧꨮꨭ

/ʔa.saʊ/

Cat

ꨟꨢꨥ

/mɨ.jaw/

Eat

ꨨꨶꩀ

/hʊaʔ/

Drink

ꨟꨑꨭꩌ

/mɨ.ɲum/

One

/saː/

Two

ꨕꨶ

/d̪ʊaː/

Hello

ꨦꨤꩌ

/sa.lam/

Thank you

ꨙꨶ ꨜꨲꩊ

/ɗua pʰuəl/

Good

ꨧꨳꩌ

/siam/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic) languages

Meaning Eastern ChamWestern ChamOld ChamMinangkabauIbanSasakBanjar
Water ꨀꨳꨩ /ʔiaː/ ايا /ja/ ie /ʔiə/ aia /aia/ ai /ai/ aiq /aiʔ/ banyu /baɲu/
Fire ꨀꨚꨶꨬ /apuei/ افوي /apuei/ apuy /ʔapuj/ api /api/ api /api/ api /api/ api /api/
Sun ꨀꨕꨪꨓꨳꩀ /a.ɗi.tiaʔ/ أديتياء /aditiak/ adaw /ʔadaw/ matoari /matoaɾi/ mata-ari /mataari/ mataari /mataari/ matahari /matahari/
Moon ꨝꨪꨤꩆ /ɓi.lan/ بيلن /bilan/ bulan /bulan/ bulan /bulan/ bulan /bulan/ bulan /bulan/ bulan /bulan/
Star ꨝꨪꨓꨭꩀ /ɓi.tuʔ/ فتاۛء /patɨʔ/ bituk /bituʔ/ bintang /bintaŋ/ bintang /bintaŋ/ bintang /bintaŋ/ bintang /bintaŋ/
Mother ꨀꨟꨰꩀ /a.meʔ/ ماي /mai/ amɛ /amɛ/ amak /amaʔ/ indai /indai/ inaq /inaʔ/ uma /uma/
Father ꨀꨟꨲ /a.mɨ/ أمآ /amaː/ amaŋ /amaŋ/ abak /abaʔ/ apai /apai/ amaq /amaʔ/ abah /abah/
I ꨕꨨꨵꩀ /ɗah.laʔ/ كاو /kɔw/ kău /kaw/ ambo /ambo/ aku /aku/ aku /aku/ aku /aku/
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