التبتية الكلاسيكية الطقسية

Liturgical Classical Tibetan (chos-skad, "Dharma language") is the actively recited form of Classical Tibetan maintained by Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and dharma centers worldwide. Distinct from scholarly Classical Tibetan (xct, historical-attested literary form used for academic philology) by: (1) Buddhist honorific and liturgical vocabulary preferred for sutra recitation (yab vs pha "father", byams-pa vs dgaʼ-ba "love/loving-kindness", khang-pa vs khyim "house", zhi-mi vs byi-la "cat"); (2) Dharamsala-standardized Lhasa-Tibetan pronunciation taught to international students and used in the modern Gelug authoritative tradition (the variety promoted by the Dalai Lama's Library of Tibetan Works and Archives); (3) ritual recitation styles including slow chant with melodic tones, mantras in Sanskrit-via-Tibetan transcription. The Tibetan Buddhist counterpart of Quranic Arabic recitation and Theravada Pali chanting. Anchored at Dharamsala, the Indian exile center of modern Tibetan Buddhist pedagogy.