原始モンゴル語
protomongólico
Mongolic (proto)
O protomongólico (Proto-Mongolic) é o ancestral comum reconstruído de todas as línguas mongólicas, incluindo o mongol khalkha, o buriate, o kalmyk-oirate, as variedades da Mongólia Interior, o dagur e o grupo Qinghai–Gansu (monguor, bonan, dongxiang, etc.). Datado convencionalmente entre os séculos V e X no planalto mongol, na véspera do Império Mongol e pouco antes do mongol médio. A reconstrução baseia-se na 'História Secreta dos Mongóis', em materiais em escrita ʼPhags-pa, em glossários sino-mongóis e na comparação das línguas mongólicas modernas, na notação de Janhunen (2003) e Nugteren (2011): *nike(n) 'um', *naran 'sol', *mori(n) 'cavalo', *kümün 'homem', com -n final entre parênteses por aparecer apenas em certos contextos morfológicos.
Onde é falada
Leituras de caracteres han em protomongólico
| Caractere | Significado | Leitura | Forma | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *nigen | /*niɡen/ | |
| 二 | two | *qoyar | /*qojar/ | |
| 三 | three | *gurba(n) | /*gurban/ | |
| 四 | four | *dörbe(n) | /*dœrben/ | |
| 五 | five | *tabu(n) | /*tabun/ | |
| 六 | six | *jirguɣa(n) | /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | |
| 七 | seven | *doluɣa(n) | /*doluɣan/ | |
| 八 | eight | *nayima(n) | /*najiman/ | |
| 九 | nine | *yersü(n) | /*jersyn/ | |
| 十 | ten | *harba(n) | /*harban/ | |
| 日 | sun | *naran | /*naran/ | |
| 月 | moon | *sara(n) | /*saran/ | |
| 山 | mountain | *agula | /*aɣula/ | |
| 水 | water | *usu(n) | /*usun/ | |
| 火 | fire | *gal | /*ɡal/ | |
| 木 | tree | *modu(n) | /*modun/ | |
| 土 | soil | *sirui | /*siruj/ | |
| 天 | sky | *teŋri | /*teŋri/ | |
| 地 | ground | *gajar | /*ɡadʒar/ | |
| 海 | sea | *dalai | /*dalaj/ | |
| 犬 | dog | *noxai | /*noxaj/ | |
| 馬 | horse | *mori(n) | /*morin/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | *sibawun | /*sibaʊn/ | |
| 魚 | fish | *jigasu(n) | /*dʒiɣasun/ | |
| 牛 | ox | *hüker | /*hyker/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | *honi(n) | /*honin/ | |
| 人 | person | *kümün | /*kymyn/ | |
| 手 | hand | *gar | /*ɡar/ | |
| 足 | foot | *köl | /*kœl/ | |
| 目 | eye | *nidün | /*nidyn/ | |
| 耳 | ear | *cikin | /*tʃikin/ | |
| 口 | mouth | *aman | /*aman/ | |
| 頭 | head | *terixün | /*terixyn/ | |
| 心 | heart | *jirüken | /*dʒiryken/ | |
| 血 | blood | *cisu(n) | /*tʃisun/ | |
| 肉 | meat | *mika(n) | /*mikan/ | |
| 上 | up | *degere | /*deɡere/ | |
| 下 | down | *doxora | /*doxora/ | |
| 中 | middle | *dumda | /*dumda/ | |
| 中 | hit | *dumda | /*dumda/ | |
| 左 | left | *jegün | /*dʒeɡyn/ | |
| 右 | right | *baragun | /*baraɣun/ | |
| 東 | east | *jegün | /*dʒeɡyn/ | |
| 西 | west | *baragun | /*baraɣun/ | |
| 南 | south | *emüne | /*emyne/ | |
| 北 | north | *hoyitu | /*hojitu/ | |
| 行 | go | *yabu- | /*jabu-/ | |
| 行 | row | *yabu- | /*jabu-/ | |
| 来 | come | *ire- | /*ire-/ | |
| 去 | leave | *od- | /*od-/ | |
| 見 | see | *üje- | /*ydʒe-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | *sonos- | /*sonos-/ | |
| 食 | eat | *ide- | /*ide-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *uxu- | /*uxu-/ | |
| 走 | run | *güyü- | /*ɡyjy-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *saxu- | /*saxu-/ | |
| 立 | stand | *bos- | /*bos-/ |
Fontes
- Janhunen 2003
- Nugteren 2011
Leituras han comparadas
Comparado com línguas Mongolic (proto) relacionadas
| Caractere | protomongólico | Kitan | prototungue | protojapônico | protocoreânico | prototibeto-birmano | protohmong-mien |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *nigen /*niɡen/ | om /əm/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *hʌtan /*hʌtan/ | — | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ |
| 二 | *qoyar /*qojar/ | jur /dʒur/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | *puta /*puta/ | *tupɨr /*tupɨɾ/ | *g-nis /*g-nis/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ |
| 三 | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | gur /ɡur/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *mi /*mi/ | *seki /*seki/ | *g-sum /*g-sum/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ |
| 四 | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | dur /dur/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *jə /*jə/ | *neki /*neki/ | *b-ləy /*b-ləy/ | *plei /*plei/ |
| 五 | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | tau /tau/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *itu /*itu/ | *tasəs /*tasəs/ | b- 形*b-ŋa /*b-ŋa/l- 形*l-ŋa /*l-ŋa/ | *prja /*prja/ |
| 六 | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | nil /nil/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *mu /*mu/ | *jəsəs /*jəsəs/ | *d-k-ruk /*d-k-ruk/ | *kruk /*kruk/ |
| 七 | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | dalu /dalu/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *nana /*nana/ | *nirkup /*niɾkup/ | — | — |
| 八 | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | naim /naim/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | *ja /*ja/ | *jətərp /*jətəɾp/ | *b-r-gyat 形*b-r-gyat /*b-r-gyat/*b-g-ryat 形*b-g-ryat /*b-g-ryat/ | — |
| 九 | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | isen /isen/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ | *ahop /*ahop/ | *d-kəw /*d-kəw/ | *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/ |
| 十 | *harba(n) /*harban/ | par /par/ | *dʒuwan /*d͡ʒuwan/ | *təwə /*təwə/ | *jer /*jeɾ/ | — | *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/ |
| 日 | *naran /*naran/ | nair /nair/ | *siun /*siun/ | *pi /*pi/ | *hʌy /*hʌj/ | *nəy /*nəy/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ |
| 月 | *sara(n) /*saran/ | sair /sair/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *tʌr /*tʌɾ/ | s- 形*s-la /*s-la/g- 形*g-la /*g-la/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ |
| 山 | *agula /*aɣula/ | ula /ʊla/ | *xada /*xada/ | *jama /*jama/ | *moy /*moj/ | *r-i /*r-i/ | — |
| 水 | *usu(n) /*usun/ | us /ʊs/ | *mū /*muː/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *mɨr /*mɨɾ/ | — | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ |
| 火 | *gal /*ɡal/ | gal /ɡal/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *poy /*poi/ | *pɨr /*pɨɾ/ | *mey /*mey/ | — |
| 木 | *modu(n) /*modun/ | — | *mō /*moː/ | *kəy /*kəi/ | *namk /*namk/ | — | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ |
| 土 | *sirui /*siruj/ | — | *na /*na/ | *tuti /*tuti/ | *hʌrk /*hʌɾk/ | — | — |
| 天 | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *abka /*abka/ | *ama /*ama/ | *hanʌr /*hanʌɾ/ | — | — |
| 地 | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | *na /*na/ | — | *tʌh /*tʌh/ | — | — |
| 海 | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *umi /*umi/ | *parʌr /*paɾʌɾ/ | — | — |
| 犬 | *noxai /*noxaj/ | — | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *enu /*enu/ | *kahi /*kahi/ | *kʷəy /*kʷəy/ | *qluwX /*qluwX/ |
| 馬 | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | — | — | — | *mjænB /*mjænB/ |
| 鳥 | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | — | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *təri /*təri/ | *say /*saj/ | — | *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/ |
| 魚 | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | — | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *iwo /*iwo/ | *koki /*koki/ | *ŋ(y)a /*ŋ(y)a/ | *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/ |
| 牛 | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | *xuker /*xuker/ | *usi /*usi/ | *sjo /*sjo/ | — | — |
| 羊 | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 人 | *kümün /*kymyn/ | küü /kʰuː/ | *niama /*niama/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *salʌm /*salʌm/ | *r-mi(y) /*r-mi(y)/ | *lan /*ʔja/ |
| 手 | *gar /*ɡar/ | — | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *ta /*ta/ | *son /*son/ | l- 形*l(y)ak /*l(y)ak/d- 形*dyak /*dyak/ | — |
| 足 | *köl /*kœl/ | — | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *asi /*asi/ | *par /*paɾ/ | — | — |
| 目 | *nidün /*nidyn/ | — | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *ma /*ma/ | *nun /*nun/ | *s-mik 形*s-mik /*s-mik/*s-myak 形*s-myak /*s-myak/ | — |
| 耳 | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | — | *sēn /*seːn/ | *mimi /*mimi/ | *kuy /*kuj/ | *r-na /*r-na/ | — |
| 口 | *aman /*aman/ | — | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *kutuy /*kutui/ | *ip /*ip/ | — | — |
| 頭 | *terixün /*terixyn/ | — | *dil /*dil/ | *kasira /*kasira/ | *məri /*məɾi/ | — | *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/ |
| 心 | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *kəkərə /*kəkərə/ | *mʌzʌm /*mʌzʌm/ | — | — |
| 血 | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | — | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *ti /*ti/ | *pih /*pih/ | *s-hywəy /*s-hywəy/ | *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/ |
| 肉 | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — | *uldʒə /*uld͡ʒə/ | *sisi /*sisi/ | *salh /*salh/ | *sya /*sya/ | — |
| 上 | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *upəy /*upəi/ | *uh /*uh/ | — | — |
| 下 | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *sita /*sita/ | *arʌy /*aɾʌj/ | — | — |
| 中 | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | *naka /*naka/ | *kawɨn /*kawɨn/ | — | — |
| 中 | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | *atar- /*atar-/ | *mac- /*mat͡s-/ | — | — |
| 左 | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | *dʒəgün /*d͡ʒəɡyn/ | *pintari /*pintari/ | *oyn /*ojn/ | — | — |
| 右 | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *minkiri /*minkiri/ | *parʌn /*paɾʌn/ | — | — |
| 東 | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | — | *pinkasi /*pinkasi/ | — | — | — |
| 西 | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | — | *nisi /*nisi/ | — | — | — |
| 南 | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | — | *minami /*minami/ | — | — | — |
| 北 | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | — | *kita /*kita/ | — | — | — |
| 行 | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *ik- /*ik-/ | *ka- /*ka-/ | — | — |
| 行 | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *okonap- /*okonap-/ | *hʌ- /*hʌ-/ | — | — |
| 来 | *ire- /*ire-/ | — | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *kə- /*kə-/ | *o- /*o-/ | — | — |
| 去 | *od- /*od-/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *ka- /*ka-/ | — | — |
| 見 | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | — | *ičə- /*it͡ʃə-/ | *mi- /*mi-/ | *po- /*po-/ | — | — |
| 聞 | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | — | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *kik- /*kik-/ | *tɨr- /*tɨɾ-/ | — | — |
| 食 | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | *dʒəp- /*d͡ʒəp-/ | *kup- /*kup-/ | *mək- /*mək-/ | *dzya /*dzya/ | — |
| 飲 | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *mas- /*mas-/ | — | — |
| 走 | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *pasir- /*pasir-/ | *tʌt- /*tʌt-/ | — | — |
| 坐 | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *anc- /*ant͡s-/ | — | — |
| 立 | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | *ili- /*ili-/ | *tat- /*tat-/ | *se- /*se-/ | — | — |
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