jušen gisun
Jurchen
Tungúsica > meridional Tungúsica (ancestral de Manchu)
O jurchen (jušen gisun) era uma língua tungúsica falada pelos jurchens, fundadores da dinastia Jin (1115–1234) e ancestrais diretos do manchu. As principais fontes são o glossário Nüzhen Yiyu da época Ming (cerca de 900 palavras) e o dicionário de Jin Qizong (1984). A transliteração segue o sistema de Kane (1989); entradas não atestadas são indicadas com um travessão.
Onde é falada
Leituras de caracteres han em Jurchen
| Caractere | Significado | Leitura | Forma | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | emu | /emu/ | |
| 二 | two | juwe | /dʑuwe/ | |
| 三 | three | ilan | /ilan/ | |
| 四 | four | duin | /duin/ | |
| 五 | five | sunja | /sundʑa/ | |
| 六 | six | ninggun | /niŋɡun/ | |
| 七 | seven | nadan | /nadan/ | |
| 八 | eight | jakūn | /dʑakɯn/ | |
| 九 | nine | uyun | /ujun/ | |
| 十 | ten | juwan | /dʑuwan/ | |
| 日 | sun | šun | /ʃun/ | |
| 月 | moon | biya | /bija/ | |
| 山 | mountain | alin | /alin/ | |
| 水 | water | muke | /muke/ | |
| 火 | fire | tuwa | /tuwa/ | |
| 木 | tree | moo | /moː/ | |
| 土 | soil | boihon | /boixon/ | |
| 天 | sky | abka | /abka/ | |
| 地 | ground | na | /na/ | |
| 海 | sea | mederi | /mederi/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | muduri | /muduri/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | tasha | /taʃa/ | |
| 犬 | dog | indahūn | /indaxɯn/ | |
| 馬 | horse | morin | /morin/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | gasha | /ɡaʃa/ | |
| 魚 | fish | nimaha | /nimaxa/ | |
| 牛 | ox | ihan | /ixan/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | honin | /xonin/ | |
| 人 | person | niyalma | /njalma/ | |
| 手 | hand | gala | /ɡala/ | |
| 足 | foot | bethe | /betxe/ | |
| 目 | eye | yasa | /jasa/ | |
| 耳 | ear | šan | /ʃan/ | |
| 口 | mouth | angga | /aŋɡa/ | |
| 頭 | head | uju | /udʑu/ | |
| 心 | heart | niyaman | /niaman/ | |
| 血 | blood | senggi | /səŋɡi/ | |
| 肉 | meat | yali | /jali/ | |
| 上 | up | dele | /dələ/ | |
| 下 | down | fejile | /fəjilə/ | |
| 中 | middle | dulin | /dulin/ | |
| 央 | center | dulimbai | /dulimbai/ | |
| 左 | left | hashū | /haʃɯ/ | |
| 右 | right | ici | /itɕi/ | |
| 東 | east | dergi | /dərɡi/ | |
| 西 | west | wargi | /warɡi/ | |
| 南 | south | julergi | /dʑulərɡi/ | |
| 北 | north | amargi | /amarɡi/ | |
| 行 | go | yabu- | /jabu-/ | |
| 来 | come | ji- | /dʑi-/ | |
| 去 | leave | gene- | /ɡənə-/ | |
| 見 | see | sabu- | /sabu-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | donji- | /dondʑi-/ | |
| 食 | eat | je- | /dʑe-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | omi- | /omi-/ | |
| 走 | run | suju- | /sudʑu-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | te- | /te-/ | |
| 立 | stand | ili- | /ili-/ |
Fontes
- Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University, 1989.
- 女真譯語 (Nüzhen Yiyu), Ming Bureau of Translators / Bureau of Interpreters, c. 1500.
- 金啟孮 (Jin Qizong). 女真文辭典 (Dictionary of the Jurchen Script). Wenwu Press, Beijing, 1984.
- Grube, Wilhelm. Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen. Leipzig, 1896.
- Wiktionary: Jurchen language entries (cross-checked against Kane and 女真譯語).
Palavras comparadas
Comparado com línguas Tungusic (Jurchen-Manchu) relacionadas
| Significado | Jurchen | Manchu | Sibé | Nanai | Kitan | Udege | Even |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | muke /muke/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | муэ /mue/ | muri /muri/ | уй /uj/ | мӯ /muː/ |
| Fogo | tuwa /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | това /tova/ | niár /niar/ | тогбо /toɡbo/ | тоог /toːɡ/ |
| Sol | šun /ʃun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | сиун /siun/ | 𘲺 /nair/ | даигаси /daiɡasi/ | нөлтэн /nølten/ |
| Lua | biya /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | биа /bia/ | 𘭧 /sair/ | биа /bia/ | бяг /bjaɡ/ |
| Estrela | usiha /usixa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usˈχa/ | хосякта /xoˈsʲakta/ | od /od/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ | осикат /oˈsikat/ |
| Mãe | eme /eme/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ənije/ | энин /enin/ | eme /eme/ | энэ /ene/ | эньэн /eɲen/ |
| Pai | ama /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ама /ama/ | ai /ai/ | амэ /amə/ | аман /aman/ |
| Eu | bi /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ми /mi/ | bi /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| Tu | si /ʃi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | си /si/ | ši /ʃi/ | си /si/ | хи /hiː/ |
| Nome | gebu /gəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəˈvu/ | гэрбу /gərˈbu/ | niru /niru/ | гэгбэ /gəgˈbə/ | гэрбэ /gərˈbə/ |
| Olho | yasa /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | nït /nit/ | яа /jaː/ | яса /jasa/ |
| Mão | gala /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | нгала /ŋala/ | ɣar /ɣar/ | нала /nala/ | нгал /ŋal/ |
| Coração | niyaman /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | миаван /miavan/ | niyàmen /nijamen/ | миаван /miavan/ | мяван /mjavan/ |
| Amor | gosi /ɡosi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | ᠴᡳᠯᡨᡠᠮᠪᡳ /tʃiltumbi/ | эйини /ejini/ | nasun /nasun/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ | аякан /ajakan/ |
| Árvore | mo /mo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | ᠮᠣᠯᠣ /molo/ | мо /mo/ | mau /mau/ | мо /mo/ | мо /mo/ |
| Casa | boo /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | дё /dʒo/ | boo /boː/ | дзугди /dzuɡdi/ | дьу /dʒu/ |
| Cão | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxun/ | инда /inda/ | 𘰕𘯛 /niaqan/ | инай /inaj/ | нгин /ŋin/ |
| Gato | kesike /kesike/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | коси /kosi/ | — /—/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кошка /koʂka/ |
| Comer | jefu /dʒefu/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | депу /depu/ | idi /idi/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ | дьэб /dʒeb/ |
| Beber | omi /omi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | омичи /omitʃi/ | umi /umi/ | омимэ /omimə/ | ум /um/ |
| Um | emu /emu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | эмун /emun/ | 𘬣 /omsu/ | омо /omo/ | омэн /omen/ |
| Dois | juwe /dʑuwə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuə/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | jur /dʒuːr/ | дюэ /dʒuˈə/ | дёр /dʲoːr/ |
| Olá | — /—/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /niŋɡe sain/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | — /—/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | дорова /dorova/ |
| Obrigado | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | банихан /banihan/ | — /—/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ | пасиба /pasiba/ |
| Bom | sain /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ая /aja/ | sayïn /sajin/ | ая /aja/ | ай /aj/ |
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Leituras han comparadas
Comparado com línguas Tungusic > Southern Tungusic (ancestor of Manchu) relacionadas
| Caractere | Jurchen | Manchu | Sibé | Prototungue | Protomongólico | Kitan | Sino-japonês antigo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | om /əm/ | iti /iti/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | jur /dʒur/ | ni /ɲi/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | gur /ɡur/ | sam /sam/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | dur /dur/ | si /ɕi/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | tau /tau/ | go /ŋo/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | nil /nil/ | roku /roku/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | dalu /dalu/ | siti /ɕiti/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | naim /naim/ | pati /pati/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | isen /isen/ | kiu /kiu/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | par /par/ | zipu /ʑipu/ |
| 日 | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | *naran /*naran/ | nair /nair/ | niti /ɲiti/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | sair /sair/ | gwati /ŋwati/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | ula /ʊla/ | san /san/ |
| 水 | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | us /ʊs/ | swi /swi/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | gal /ɡal/ | kwa /kwa/ |
| 木 | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /mɔː/ | *mō /*moː/ | *modu(n) /*modun/ | — | moku /moku/ |
| 土 | boihon /boixon/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | *na /*na/ | *sirui /*siruj/ | — | do /do/ |
| 天 | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /apka/ | *abka /*abka/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | ten /ten/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | di /di/ |
| 海 | mederi /mederi/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mədəri/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | kai /kai/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | — | — | — | riu /riu/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taɕa/ | — | — | — | ko /ko/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaʁun/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *noxai /*noxaj/ | — | ken /ken/ |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /morin/ | me /me/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | — | teu /teu/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | — | go /ŋo/ |
| 牛 | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /iʁan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | gu /ŋu/ |
| 羊 | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /χɔnin/ | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | yau /jau/ |
| 人 | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | küü /kʰuː/ | nin /ɲin/ |
| 手 | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɢala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *gar /*ɡar/ | — | syu /ɕu/ |
| 足 | bethe /betxe/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *köl /*kœl/ | — | soku /soku/ |
| 目 | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jaza/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *nidün /*nidyn/ | — | moku /moku/ |
| 耳 | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ɕan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | — | ni /ɲi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɢa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *aman /*aman/ | — | kou /kou/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | *terixün /*terixyn/ | — | tou /tou/ |
| 心 | niyaman /niaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /ɲaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | sim /ɕim/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɣi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | — | keti /keti/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — | niku /ɲiku/ |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | zyau /ʑau/ |
| 下 | fejile /fəjilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | fejile /fədʑilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | ge /ŋe/ |
| 中 | dulin /dulin/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | tyuu /tʲuu/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | au /au/ |
| 左 | hashū /haʃɯ/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /χaɕu/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | sa /sa/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | u /u/ |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | tou /tou/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | sai /sai/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | nam /nam/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | poku /poku/ |
| 行 | yabu- /jabu-/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabumbi /jawum/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | gyau /ŋʲau/ |
| 来 | ji- /dʑi-/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | jimbi /dʑim/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *ire- /*ire-/ | — | rai /rai/ |
| 去 | gene- /ɡənə-/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | genembi /ɡənəm/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *od- /*od-/ | — | ko /ko/ |
| 見 | sabu- /sabu-/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabumbi /sabum/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | — | ken /ken/ |
| 聞 | donji- /dondʑi-/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | — | mon /mon/ |
| 食 | je- /dʑe-/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | jembi /dʑəm/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | ziki /ʑiki/ |
| 飲 | omi- /omi-/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omimbi /ɔmim/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | on /on/ |
| 走 | suju- /sudʑu-/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | sou /sou/ |
| 坐 | te- /te-/ | tembi /təmbi/ | tembi /təm/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | za /za/ |
| 立 | ili- /ili-/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ilimbi /ilim/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | ripu /ripu/ |
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