𘬱𘬻𘭟 𘬐𘭦𘬰
Kitan
Paramongolo (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated)
Il khitan era la lingua della dinastia Liao (907–1125 d.C.), parlata dal popolo khitan che governava un vasto impero esteso dalla Manciuria fino all'Asia centrale. I Khitan svilupparono due sistemi di scrittura — la Scrittura Grande e la Scrittura Piccola — entrambi solo parzialmente decifrati, con circa il 20% dei caratteri della Scrittura Piccola leggibili con certezza. Questa voce conserva soltanto le letture attestate nelle iscrizioni bilingui della Liao, nelle traslitterazioni cinesi di nomi khitan o nelle ricostruzioni accademiche di Kane (2009) e Aisin Gioro Ulhicun; tutte le altre voci sono contrassegnate da un trattino em. I numerali sono il vocabolario meglio attestato, con una chiara parentela con il mongolo e il manciù.
Dove si parla
Letture dei caratteri han in Kitan
| Carattere | Significato | Lettura | Forma | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | 𘬺om | /əm/ | |
| 二 | two | jur | /dʒur/ | |
| 三 | three | gur | /ɡur/ | |
| 四 | four | dur | /dur/ | |
| 五 | five | tau | /tau/ | |
| 六 | six | nil | /nil/ | |
| 七 | seven | dalu | /dalu/ | |
| 八 | eight | naim | /naim/ | |
| 九 | nine | isen | /isen/ | |
| 十 | ten | par | /par/ | |
| 日 | sun | nair | /nair/ | |
| 月 | moon | 𘭖𘭚𘭯sair | /sair/ | |
| 山 | mountain | ula | /ʊla/ | |
| 水 | water | us | /ʊs/ | |
| 火 | fire | gal | /ɡal/ | |
| 天 | sky | teŋri | /tʰeŋri/ | |
| 馬 | horse | 𘭤𘭞morin | /morin/ | |
| 人 | person | küü | /kʰuː/ |
Fonti
- Kane, Daniel. The Kitan Language and Script. Brill, 2009.
- Aisin Gioro Ulhicun (愛新覺羅·烏拉熙春). Kitan Studies. Kyoto University, 2004–2012.
- Liu Fengzhu (劉鳳翥). Qidan Wenzi Yanjiu (契丹文字研究). Zhonghua Shuju, 2014.
- Andrew West. BabelStone Khitan Script Resources. babelstone.co.uk/Khitan.
- Wu Yingzhe & Janhunen, Juha. New Materials on the Khitan Small Script. SOAS, 2010.
Parole a confronto
Confrontato con le lingue Mongolic (Para-Mongolic) correlate
| Significato | Kitan | Jurchen | Proto-mongolico | Mongolo medio | Mongolo classico | Kalmuko | Yugur orientale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | muri /muri/ | muke /muke/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | усн /usn/ | ус /us/ |
| Fuoco | niár /niar/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *gal /gal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɣal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ | гал /ɡal/ |
| Sole | 𘲺 /nair/ | šun /ʃun/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | нарн /narn/ | нар /nar/ |
| Luna | 𘭧 /sair/ | biya /bija/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | сар /sar/ | сар /sar/ |
| Stella | od /od/ | usiha /usixa/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | одн /odn/ | ходэн /χoden/ |
| Madre | eme /eme/ | eme /eme/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ээҗ /eːdʒ/ | ээж /eːʒ/ |
| Padre | ai /ai/ | ama /ama/ | *ečige /ečige/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | аав /aːv/ | аава /ɑːva/ |
| Io | bi /bi/ | bi /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | би /bi/ | би /bi/ |
| Tu | ši /ʃi/ | si /ʃi/ | *či /či/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ | чи /tʃi/ |
| Nome | niru /niru/ | gebu /gəbu/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | нерн /nern/ | нэрэ /nere/ |
| Occhio | nït /nit/ | yasa /jasa/ | *nidün /nidün/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | нүдн /nyˈdn̩/ | нүдэ /nʏde/ |
| Mano | ɣar /ɣar/ | gala /ɡala/ | *gar /gar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɣar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | һар /ɣar/ | гар /ɡar/ |
| Cuore | niyàmen /nijamen/ | niyaman /nijaman/ | *ǰirüken /ǰirüken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | зүркн /zyrˈkən/ | зүрх /zʏrχ/ |
| Amore | nasun /nasun/ | gosi /ɡosi/ | — /—/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /xajira/ | дурлх /durlx/ | хайрлаха /χajrlaχa/ |
| Albero | mau /mau/ | mo /mo/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | модн /moˈdn̩/ | мод /mod/ |
| Casa | boo /boː/ | boo /boː/ | *ger /ger/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | гер /ɡer/ | гэр /ɡer/ |
| Cane | 𘰕𘯛 /niaqan/ | indahǔn /indahuːn/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noxai/ | ноха /noxa/ | нохай /noχaj/ |
| Gatto | — /—/ | kesike /kesike/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | миис /miːs/ | мэшэ /meʃe/ |
| Mangiare | idi /idi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | *ide- /ide-/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | иде /ide/ | идэхэ /ɪdeχe/ |
| Bere | umi /umi/ | omi /omi/ | *uu- /uu-/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | уу /uː/ | ухаха /uχaχa/ |
| Uno | 𘬣 /omsu/ | emu /emu/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | негн /neɡn/ | нэг /neɡ/ |
| Due | jur /dʒuːr/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *koyar /koyar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | хойр /xojr/ | гоор /ɣoːr/ |
| Ciao | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | менд /mend/ | сайнар уу /sajnar uː/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | ханҗанав /xandʒanav/ | баярлалаа /bajarlalaː/ |
| Buono | sayïn /sajin/ | sain /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | сән /sæn/ | сайн /sajn/ |
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Letture han a confronto
Confrontato con le lingue Para-Mongolic (Mongolic-Khitan branch, debated) correlate
| Carattere | Kitan | Proto-mongolo | Sibe | Proto-tunguso | Manciù | Jurchen | Cinese Yuan (Phags-pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | om /əm/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | ʔi /ʔi/ |
| 二 | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ |
| 三 | gur /ɡur/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | sam /sam/ |
| 四 | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | sɿ /sɿ/ |
| 五 | tau /tau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | ʔu /ʔu/ |
| 六 | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | liw /liw/ |
| 七 | dalu /dalu/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | tshi /tsʰi/ |
| 八 | naim /naim/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | ba /pa/ |
| 九 | isen /isen/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | kiw /kiw/ |
| 十 | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | ši /ʂɨ/ |
| 日 | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | ʐɨ /ʐɨ/ |
| 月 | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | ʔɥe /ʔɥe/ |
| 山 | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | šan /ʂan/ |
| 水 | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | šwi /ʂwi/ |
| 火 | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | xwo /xwɔ/ |
| 天 | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | abka /apka/ | *abka /*abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | thẽn /tʰjɛn/ |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | ma /ma/ |
| 人 | küü /kʰuː/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | ʐin /ʐin/ |
Pagina 1/2
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