võro kiil

Võro

Uralic (Finnic, South Estonian)

FamilyUralic (Finnic, South Estonian) Speakers~75K ScriptLatin (Võro orthography 1990s) CountriesEstonia (southeast) Official inEstonia (recognized regional) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3vro

Also known as: Voro, Voru

Võro (võro kiil; ISO 639-3: vro) is a South Estonian Finnic language variety spoken mainly in historical Võromaa in southeastern Estonia. It is often treated as a dialect of Estonian in public administration, while many speakers and linguists describe it as a distinct language within the South Estonian group; it has no nationwide official status. Võro preserves vowel harmony and sound distinctions absent from Standard Estonian, including a glottal stop written q and a high central vowel often written y in the modern standard. A contemporary literary norm and orthography developed through the language revival beginning in the late 1980s, and the Võro Institute was founded in 1995. Võro appears in literature, music, broadcasting, digital media, and some education, but intergenerational transmission remains under pressure from Standard Estonian.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Võro

Water

vesi

/vesi/

Fire

tuli

/tuli/

Sun

päiv

/pæiv/

Moon

kuu

/kuː/

Star

täht

/tæht/

Mother

imä

/imæ/

Father

esä

/esæ/

I

ma

/mɑ/

You

sa

/sɑ/

Name

nimi

/nimi/

Eye

silm

/silm/

Hand

käsi

/kæsi/

Heart

süä

/syæ/

Love

armastus

/ɑrmɑstus/

Tree

puu

/puː/

House

kotus

/kotus/

Dog

pini

/pini/

Cat

kass

/kɑsː/

Eat

süümä

/syːmæ/

Drink

juuma

/juːma/

One

üts

/yts/

Two

katś

/kɑtsʲ/

Hello

tere

/tere/

Thank you

aitäh

/ɑitæh/

Good

hää

/hæː/

Cuckoo

kägo

/ˈkæɡo/

Computer

puutri

/ˈpuːtri/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Uralic (Finnic, South Estonian) languages

Meaning VõroEstonianFinnishMeänkieliVoticKven FinnishLivvi-Karelian
Water vesi /vesi/ vesi /vesi/ vesi /ʋesi/ vesi /ˈʋesi/ vesi /ˈvesi/ vesi /ˈʋesi/ vezi /ˈvezi/
Fire tuli /tuli/ tuli /tuli/ tuli /tuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/ tuli /ˈtuli/
Sun päiv /pæiv/ päike /pæike/ aurinko /ɑuriŋko/ aurinko /ˈɑuriŋko/ päivä /ˈpæivæ/ aurinko /ˈɑuriŋko/ päivy /ˈpæivy/
Moon kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/ kuu /kuː/
Star täht /tæht/ täht /tæht/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/ tähti /ˈtæhti/
Mother imä /imæ/ ema /emɑ/ äiti /æiti/ äiti /ˈæiti/ emä /ˈemæ/ äiti /ˈæiti/ mama /ˈmama/
Father esä /esæ/ isa /isɑ/ isä /isæ/ isä /ˈisæ/ izä /ˈizæ/ isä /ˈisæ/ tuatto /ˈtuatto/
I ma /mɑ/ mina /ˈminɑ/ minä /ˈminæ/ mie /mie/ miä /miæ/ mie /mie/ minä /ˈminæ/
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