Saamaka tongo

Saramaccan

English-based creole (mixed English/Portuguese lexicon, Akan/Gbe substrate)

FamilyEnglish-based creole (mixed English/Portuguese lexicon, Akan/Gbe substrate) Speakers~26K ScriptLatin CountriesSuriname Official inNo (Sranan Tongo dominant in Suriname; French dominant in French Guiana) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3srm

Saramaccan is a maroon creole of Suriname spoken on the upper Suriname River by descendants of West African enslaved populations who escaped Dutch plantations in the 17th-18th centuries (the Saramaca treaty of 1762 secured their independence). Its mixed English/Portuguese lexicon is unusual among Atlantic creoles and reflects the Portuguese-colonized Caribbean origin of some enslaved laborers; both English and Portuguese contributions appear in basic vocabulary (e.g., "wáta" water from English, but "lúna" moon from Portuguese, "fáya" fire from Portuguese fogo). Saramaccan has gained academic prominence as a model for studying the role of substrate languages in creole genesis (Akan-Gbe substrate is highly influential, with Akan-derived tone, kinship terms, and sentence-final particles).

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Saramaccan

Water

wáta

/wáta/

Fire

fáya

/fája/

Sun

masángi

/masáŋɡi/

Moon

líba

/ˈliba/

Star

teteei

/teteːi/

Mother

mama

/mama/

Father

tata

/tata/

I

mi

/mi/

You

i

/i/

Name

nen

/nɛ̃/

Eye

ái

/ái/

Hand

mãũ

/mãũ/

Heart

hááti

/háːti/

Love

lóbi

/lóbi/

Tree

páu

/páu/

House

wósu

/wósu/

Dog

dágu

/dáɡu/

Cat

mísi

/mísi/

Eat

njá

/ɲá/

Drink

biíki

/biíki/

One

wán

/wán/

Two

tu

/tu/

Hello

kɔlɔkɔlɔ

/kɔlɔkɔlɔ/

Thank you

tángi

/táŋɡi/

Good

bunu

/bunu/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related English-based creole (mixed English/Portuguese lexicon, Akan/Gbe substrate) languages

Meaning SaramaccanSranan TongoAukan (Ndyuka)BislamaKrioNigerian PidginPijin
Water wáta /wáta/ watra /watra/ watra /watra/ wota /wota/ wata /ˈwata/ wọtá /wɔta/ wata /wata/
Fire fáya /fája/ faya /faja/ faya /faja/ faea /faea/ faya /ˈfaja/ faya /faja/ faea /faja/
Sun masángi /masáŋɡi/ son /son/ son /soŋ/ san /san/ san /san/ sọn /sɔn/ san /san/
Moon líba /ˈliba/ mun /mun/ mun /mun/ mun /mun/ mun /mun/ mun /mun/ mun /mun/
Star teteei /teteːi/ stari /ˈstari/ sitari /siˈtari/ sta /sta/ star /staː/ star /staː/ sta /sta/
Mother mama /mama/ mama /mama/ mma /mːa/ mama /mama/ mama /ˈmama/ mama /mama/ mami /mami/
Father tata /tata/ papa /papa/ tata /tata/ papa /papa/ papa /ˈpapa/ papa /papa/ dadi /dadi/
I mi /mi/ mi /mi/ mi /mi/ mi /mi/ mi /mi/ A /a/ mi /mi/
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