वैदिक संस्कृतम्

Vedic Sanskrit

Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan; Old Indo-Aryan) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan; Old Indo-Aryan) SpeakersExtinct (liturgical use, no native speakers) ScriptOriginally oral (transmitted by oral tradition); later written in Brahmi and, in modern times, Devanagari (also other Indic scripts and IAST romanization) CountriesAncient India (northern Indian subcontinent) Official innone Vitalityextinct

Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest attested form of Sanskrit and the language of the Vedas, including the Rigveda, the earliest of these sacred texts. It belongs to the Old Indo-Aryan stage of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family and was spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent roughly from the mid-2nd to the mid-1st millennium BCE. Transmitted orally with remarkable precision for centuries before being written, it has no native speakers today and survives as a historical and liturgical language, notable for its pitch accent and rich inflectional and verbal morphology.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Vedic Sanskrit

Water

आपः

/aːpaɦ/

Fire

अग्निः

/aɡniɦ/

Sun

सूर्यः

/suːrjaɦ/

Moon

चन्द्रमाः

/tɕandramaːɦ/

Star

तारा

/taːˈraː/

Mother

माता

/maːtaː/

Father

पिता

/pitaː/

I

अहम्

/ɐˈɦɐm/

You

त्वम्

/tʋɐm/

Name

नाम

/naːmɐ/

Eye

अक्षि

/akʂi/

Hand

हस्तः

/hastaɦ/

Heart

हृदयम्

/hr̩dajam/

Love

स्नेहः

/sneːɦaɦ/

Tree

वृक्षः

/vr̩kʂaɦ/

House

गृहम्

/ɡr̩ham/

Dog

श्वा

/ɕwaː/

Cat

मार्जारः

/maːrdʑaːraɦ/

Eat

अत्ति

/atti/

Drink

पिबति

/pibati/

One

एकः

/eːkaɦ/

Two

द्वौ

/dʋɐu/

Hello

स्वस्ति

/swasti/

Thank you

/—/

Good

साधु

/saːdʱu/

Computer

गणक

/ɡɐɳɐkɐ/

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan; Old Indo-Aryan) languages

Meaning Vedic SanskritModern Spoken SanskritSanskritPaliPedagogical Pali (Theravada monastic)Maharastri PrakritHindi
Water आपः /aːpaɦ/ जलम् /dʑalam/ जलम् /dʑalam/ उदक /udaka/ udaka /udaka/ उदग /udaɡa/ पानी /paːniː/
Fire अग्निः /aɡniɦ/ अग्निः /aɡniɦ/ अग्निः /aɡniɦ/ अग्गि /aɡːi/ aggi /aɡːi/ अग्गि /aɡɡi/ आग /aːɡ/
Sun सूर्यः /suːrjaɦ/ सूर्यः /suːɾjaɦ/ सूर्यः /suːɾjaɦ/ सुरिय /surija/ suriya /suɾija/ सूर /suːɾa/ सूरज /suːɾədʒ/
Moon चन्द्रमाः /tɕandramaːɦ/ चन्द्रः /tɕandɾaɦ/ चन्द्रः /tɕandɾaɦ/ चन्द /tɕanda/ canda /tɕanda/ चंद /tʃanda/ चाँद /tʃãːd/
Star तारा /taːˈraː/ तारा /t̪aːraː/ तारा /taːraː/ तारा /taːraː/ tārā /ˈt̪aːraː/ तारा /taːɾaː/ तारा /taːɾaː/
Mother माता /maːtaː/ माता /maːtaː/ माता /maːtaː/ माता /maːtaː/ mātā /maːtaː/ माय /maːja/ माँ /mãː/
Father पिता /pitaː/ पिता /pitaː/ पिता /pitaː/ पिता /pitaː/ pitā /pitaː/ पिअ /piaː/ पिता /pitaː/
I अहम् /ɐˈɦɐm/ अहम् /ɐɦɐm/ अहम् /ɐɦɐm/ अहं /ahaŋ/ ahaṃ /ɐˈhɐŋ/ अहं /ahan/ मैं /mɛ̃ː/
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