吕梁晋语

Lüliang Jin

Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片)

FamilySino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片) Speakers~4–6M (Lüliang, Shanxi) ScriptSimplified Chinese CountriesChina (Shanxi — Lüliang 吕梁) Official inNo (Chinese provincial/regional dialect; not officially recognized as a separate language)

Lüliang Jin is a group of Jin Chinese varieties spoken across the Lüliang Mountains of western Shanxi and adjoining northern Shaanxi, with Lishi commonly used as a representative point. Modern classifications divide the group into Fenzhou and Xing-Xi subgroups, encompassing local varieties such as Fenyang, Linxian, Liulin, and Lishi. A defining feature is the preservation of entering-tone categories inherited from Middle Chinese; many locations realize checked syllables with final glottal constriction, though the stop and vowel duration are weakening in some communities. Tone inventories and tone sandhi differ across the area, so Lüliang Jin is not a single uniform city dialect. Speakers normally write standard Chinese characters, as the local speech has no widely adopted separate orthography.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Lüliang Jin

Water

/fei˥˧/

Fire

/xuo˥˧/

Sun

日头

/ʐəʔ˥˦tʰəu˩/

Moon

月亮

/yəʔ˥˦liɔ̃˩/

Star

/ɕiŋ˩˩/

Mother

妈妈

/ma˩ma/

Father

爹爹

/tie˩tie/

I

/ɣɤ˥˧/

You

/ni˥˧/

Name

名字

/miŋ˩ tsz̩/

Eye

眼睛

/niæ˨˩˧tɕiŋ˩/

Hand

/səu˥˧/

Heart

/ɕiŋ˩/

Love

/ai˧/

Tree

/su˦˥/

House

/tɕia˩/

Dog

/kəu˥˧/

Cat

/mau˩/

Eat

/tsʰəʔ˨/

Drink

/xəʔ˨/

One

/iəʔ˨/

Two

/ər˦˥/

Hello

你好

/ni˨˩˧xau˨˩˧/

Thank you

谢谢

/ɕie˨ɕie/

Good

/xau˨˩˧/

Words compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片) languages

Meaning Lüliang JinJin (Shanxi)Xi'an MandarinSichuan MandarinChengdu MandarinKunming MandarinLanyin Mandarin
Water /fei˥˧/ /sueɪ˥˧/ /fei˥˧/ /suei˥˧/ /suei˥˧/ /suei˥˧/ /sui˥˧/
Fire /xuo˥˧/ /xuo˥˧/ /xuo˥˧/ /xo˥˧/ /xo˥˧/ /xo˥˧/ /xo˥˧/
Sun 日头 /ʐəʔ˥˦tʰəu˩/ 日头 /ʐəʔ˥˦tʰəu˩/ 日头 /ʐɿ˥˥tʰou˨˦/ 太阳 /tʰai˥˩iaŋ˧˥/ 太阳 /tʰai˨˩˧iaŋ˨˩/ 太阳 /tʰæ˨˩˨iaŋ˧˩/ 日头 /ʐɨ˨˦tʰəu˨˦/
Moon 月亮 /yəʔ˥˦liɔ̃˩/ 月亮 /yəʔ˥˦liɔ̃˩/ 月亮 /ye˥˥liaŋ˨˩/ 月亮 /ye˨˩liaŋ˨˩˧/ 月亮 /ye˨˩lia̠ŋ˨˩˧/ 月亮 /ye˧˩liaŋ˨˩˨/ 月亮 /yɛ˦˦ljaŋ/
Star /ɕiŋ˩˩/ /ɕiŋ˩/ /ɕiŋ˨˩/ 星星 /ɕin˥ɕin/ /ɕin˦˥/ /ɕĩ˦/ /ɕiŋ˧˩/
Mother 妈妈 /ma˩ma/ 妈妈 /ma˩ma/ /ma˨˩/ 妈妈 /ma˥ma/ 妈妈 /ma˥ma/ /ma˦˦/ /ma˧˧/
Father 爹爹 /tie˩tie/ 爹爹 /tie˩tie/ /pa˥˥/ 爸爸 /pa˨˩˧pa/ 爸爸 /pa˨˩˧pa/ /tie˦˦/ /pa˥˧/
I /ɣɤ˥˧/ /ɣɤ˥˧/ /ŋɤ˥˧/ /ŋo˥˧/ /ŋo˥˧/ /ŋo˥˧/ /vɤ˥˧/
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Han readings compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Sinitic, Jin — 吕梁片) languages

Character Lüliang JinJin Chinese (Changzhi)Jin (Shanxi)Jin Chinese (Xinzhou)Datong JinHefei MandarinJianghuai Mandarin
ieh² /iəʔ˨/ ieh² /iəʔ˨/ ieh² /iəʔ˨/ yih⁴ /i˦˥ʔ/ ieh⁴³ /iəʔ˦˧/ yiq⁴ /iʔ˦/ yiq⁵ /iəʔ˥/
er⁴⁵ /ɚ˦˥/ er⁴⁵ /ɚ˦˥/ er⁴⁵ /ɚ˦˥/ er⁴ /ɚ˦˥/ er⁴⁵ /ɚ˦˥/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/
san¹¹ /sæ̃˩˩/ san¹¹ /sæ̃˩˩/ san¹¹ /sæ̃˩˩/ sɑ̃¹ /sæ̃˩˩/ san³¹ /sæ̃˧˩/ san²¹ /sæ̃˨˩/ san³³ /sã˧˧/
si⁴⁵ /sɿ˦˥/ si⁴⁵ /sɿ˦˥/ si⁴⁵ /sɿ˦˥/ seh⁴ /səʔ˦˥/ si⁴⁵ /sɿ˦˥/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/ si⁵¹ /sɿ˥˩/
u⁵³ /u˥˧/ u⁵³ /u˥˧/ u⁵³ /u˥˧/ u⁴ /u˥˧/ u⁵³ /u˥˧/ wu²⁴ /u˨˦/ wu³⁵ /u˧˥/
lueh⁵ /luəʔ˥/ lueh⁵ /luəʔ˥/ lueh⁵ /luəʔ˥/ lueh⁴ /luəʔ˦˥/ lueh⁵⁴ /luəʔ˥˦/ luq⁴ /lɤʔ˦/ liuq⁵ /liuʔ˥/
qhieh² /tɕʰiəʔ˨/ qhieh² /tɕʰiəʔ˨/ qhieh² /tɕʰiəʔ˨/ tshyeh⁴ /tɕʰiəʔ˦˥/ qhieh⁴³ /tɕʰiəʔ˦˧/ ciq⁴ /tsʰəʔ˦/ ciq⁵ /tsʰiəʔ˥/
pah² /paʔ˨/ pah² /paʔ˨/ pah² /paʔ˨/ pah⁴ /paʔ˦˥/ pah⁴³ /paʔ˦˧/ baq⁴ /paʔ˦/ paq⁵ /paʔ˥/
jieu⁵³ /tɕiəu˥˧/ jieu⁵³ /tɕiəu˥˧/ jieu⁵³ /tɕiəu˥˧/ jio⁴ /tɕiəu˥˧/ jieu⁵³ /tɕiəu˥˧/ jiu²⁴ /tɕiɯ˨˦/ jiu²¹² /tɕiɤu˨˩˨/
seh⁵ /səʔ˥/ seh⁵ /səʔ˥/ seh⁵ /səʔ˥/ seh⁴ /səʔ˦˥/ seh⁵⁴ /səʔ˥˦/ siq⁴ /səʔ˦/ sheq⁵ /ʂəʔ˥/
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