原始オーストロアジア語
protoaustroasiático
Austroasiatic (proto)
O protoaustroasiático é o ancestral comum reconstruído da família austroasiática, que inclui o vietnamita, o khmer, o mon, as línguas munda do leste da Índia e muitas línguas menores do sudeste asiático continental. Baseia-se sobretudo na obra póstuma de Harry Shorto 'Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary' (2006) e nos trabalhos posteriores de Paul Sidwell. A pátria original situa-se no sudeste asiático continental, em torno do médio Mekong, com uma profundidade temporal de cerca de 5000 anos. Os dados usam a notação Shorto/Sidwell com asterisco; na ausência de uma reconstrução largamente aceite, indica-se '—'.
Onde é falada
Leituras de caracteres han em protoaustroasiático
| Caractere | Significado | Leitura | Forma | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *muəjʔ | /*muəjʔ/ | |
| 二 | two | *ɓaːr | /*ɓaːr/ | |
| 三 | three | *peːʔ | /*peːʔ/ | |
| 四 | four | *puənʔ | /*puənʔ/ | |
| 六 | six | *pruʔ | /*pruʔ/ | |
| 七 | seven | *pɔh | /*pɔh/ | |
| 八 | eight | *tNɕaːm | /*tɲcaːm/ | |
| 日 | sun | *tŋiːʔ | /*tŋiːʔ/ | |
| 月 | moon | *kVcaːj | /*kəcaːj/ | |
| 水 | water | *ɗaːk | /*ɗaːk/ | |
| 火 | fire | *ʔuːs | /*ʔuːs/ | |
| 木 | tree | *ɟɕɨːʔ | /*ɟcɨːʔ/ | |
| 土 | soil | *teːʔ | /*teːʔ/ | |
| 地 | ground | *teːʔ | /*teːʔ/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | *klaːʔ | /*klaːʔ/ | |
| 犬 | dog | *cɔʔ | /*cɔʔ/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | *ciːm | /*ciːm/ | |
| 魚 | fish | *kaʔ | /*kaʔ/ | |
| 人 | person | *kmiː | /*kmiː/ | |
| 手 | hand | *tiːʔ | /*tiːʔ/ | |
| 足 | foot | *ɟəːŋ | /*ɟəːŋ/ | |
| 目 | eye | *mat | /*mat/ | |
| 耳 | ear | *ktɔːr | /*ktɔːr/ | |
| 頭 | head | *kduəl | /*kduəl/ | |
| 血 | blood | *mhaːm | /*mhaːm/ | |
| 肉 | meat | *sɔc | /*sɔc/ | |
| 行 | go | *cuːr | /*cuːr/ | |
| 行 | row | *cuːr | /*cuːr/ | |
| 食 | eat | *ca(ː)ʔ | /*caːʔ/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *ʔɔːk | /*ʔɔːk/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *ŋkuːʔ | /*ŋkuːʔ/ | |
| 立 | stand | *cɔŋ | /*cɔŋ/ |
Fontes
- Shorto 2006
- Sidwell 2010
Leituras han comparadas
Comparado com línguas Austroasiatic (proto) relacionadas
| Caractere | protoaustroasiático | prototai | prototungue | protojapônico | Chinês (Clássico Han) | prototibeto-birmano | protohmong-mien |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *muəjʔ /*muəjʔ/ | *ɲɯŋ.A /*ɲɯŋ˧/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *ʔi[t] /*ʔi[t]/ | — | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ |
| 二 | *ɓaːr /*ɓaːr/ | *soːŋ.A /*soːŋ˧/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | *puta /*puta/ | *ni[j]-s /*ni[j]-s/ | *g-nis /*g-nis/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ |
| 三 | *peːʔ /*peːʔ/ | *saːm.A /*saːm˧/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *mi /*mi/ | *s.rum /*s.rum/ | *g-sum /*g-sum/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ |
| 四 | *puənʔ /*puənʔ/ | *siː.B /*siː˨/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *jə /*jə/ | *s.li[j]-s /*s.li[j]-s/ | *b-ləy /*b-ləy/ | *plei /*plei/ |
| 六 | *pruʔ /*pruʔ/ | *hrok.D /*hrok̚/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *mu /*mu/ | *k.ruk /*k.ruk/ | *d-k-ruk /*d-k-ruk/ | *kruk /*kruk/ |
| 七 | *pɔh /*pɔh/ | *cet.D /*cet̚/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *nana /*nana/ | *[tsʰ]i[t] /*[tsʰ]i[t]/ | — | — |
| 八 | *tNɕaːm /*tɲcaːm/ | *peːt.D /*peːt̚/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | *ja /*ja/ | *pˤret /*pˤret/ | *b-r-gyat 形*b-r-gyat /*b-r-gyat/*b-g-ryat 形*b-g-ryat /*b-g-ryat/ | — |
| 日 | *tŋiːʔ /*tŋiːʔ/ | *ŋwan.A /*ŋwan˧/ | *siun /*siun/ | *pi /*pi/ | *C.nik /*C.nik/ | *nəy /*nəy/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ |
| 月 | *kVcaːj /*kəcaːj/ | *ɓlɯan.A /*ɓlɯan˧/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *[ŋ]ʷat /*[ŋ]ʷat/ | s- 形*s-la /*s-la/g- 形*g-la /*g-la/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ |
| 水 | *ɗaːk /*ɗaːk/ | *C̬.nam.C /*nam˥˩/ | *mū /*muː/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *s.turʔ /*s.turʔ/ | — | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ |
| 火 | *ʔuːs /*ʔuːs/ | *wɤj.A /*vɤj˧/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *poy /*poi/ | *[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ /*[qʷʰ]ˤəjʔ/ | *mey /*mey/ | — |
| 木 | *ɟɕɨːʔ /*ɟcɨːʔ/ | *mwaj.C /*maj˥˩/ | *mō /*moː/ | *kəy /*kəi/ | *C.mˤok /*C.mˤok/ | — | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ |
| 土 | *teːʔ /*teːʔ/ | *ɗin.A /*ɗin˧/ | *na /*na/ | *tuti /*tuti/ | *tʰˤaʔ /*tʰˤaʔ/ | — | — |
| 地 | *teːʔ /*teːʔ/ | *ɗin.A /*ɗin˧/ | *na /*na/ | — | *[l]ˤej-s /*lˤej-s/ | — | — |
| 虎 | *klaːʔ /*klaːʔ/ | *xrwaːj.A /*xrwaːj˧/ | — | — | *qʰˤraʔ /*qʰˤraʔ/ | — | *tsjɔB /*tsjɔB/ |
| 犬 | *cɔʔ /*cɔʔ/ | *hmaː.A /*hmaː˧/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *enu /*enu/ | *[k]ʷʰˤenʔ /*[k]ʷʰˤenʔ/ | *kʷəy /*kʷəy/ | *qluwX /*qluwX/ |
| 鳥 | *ciːm /*ciːm/ | *C̬.nok.D /*nok̚/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *təri /*təri/ | *tˤiwʔ /*tˤiwʔ/ | — | *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/ |
| 魚 | *kaʔ /*kaʔ/ | *plaː.A /*plaː˧/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *iwo /*iwo/ | *[ŋ]a /*[ŋ]a/ | *ŋ(y)a /*ŋ(y)a/ | *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/ |
| 人 | *kmiː /*kmiː/ | *ɢwɯn.A /*kɤn˧/ | *niama /*niama/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *ni[ŋ] /*ni[ŋ]/ | *r-mi(y) /*r-mi(y)/ | *lan /*ʔja/ |
| 手 | *tiːʔ /*tiːʔ/ | *mɯː.A /*mɯː˧/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *ta /*ta/ | *n̥uʔ /*n̥uʔ/ | l- 形*l(y)ak /*l(y)ak/d- 形*dyak /*dyak/ | — |
| 足 | *ɟəːŋ /*ɟəːŋ/ | *tiːn.A /*tiːn˧/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *asi /*asi/ | *[ts]ok /*[ts]ok/ | — | — |
| 目 | *mat /*mat/ | *p.taː.A /*taː˧/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *ma /*ma/ | *C.muk /*C.muk/ | *s-mik 形*s-mik /*s-mik/*s-myak 形*s-myak /*s-myak/ | — |
| 耳 | *ktɔːr /*ktɔːr/ | *krwɯː.A /*qruː˧/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *mimi /*mimi/ | *C.nəʔ /*C.nəʔ/ | *r-na /*r-na/ | — |
| 頭 | *kduəl /*kduəl/ | *kraw.C /*kraw˥˩/ | *dil /*dil/ | *kasira /*kasira/ | *[m-t]ˤo /*[m-t]ˤo/ | — | *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/ |
| 血 | *mhaːm /*mhaːm/ | *lɯat.D /*lɯat̚/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *ti /*ti/ | *m̥ˤik /*m̥ˤik/ | *s-hywəy /*s-hywəy/ | *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/ |
| 肉 | *sɔc /*sɔc/ | *nɯːʔ.C /*nɯː˥˩/ | *uldʒə /*uld͡ʒə/ | *sisi /*sisi/ | *k.nuk /*k.nuk/ | *sya /*sya/ | — |
| 行 | *cuːr /*cuːr/ | *jaːŋ.A /*jaːŋ˧/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *ik- /*ik-/ | *Cə-[g]ˤraŋ /*Cə-[g]ˤraŋ/ | — | — |
| 行 | *cuːr /*cuːr/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *okonap- /*okonap-/ | *[g]ˤraŋ /*[g]ˤraŋ/ | — | — |
| 食 | *ca(ː)ʔ /*caːʔ/ | *kɯn.A /*kɯn˧/ | *dʒəp- /*d͡ʒəp-/ | *kup- /*kup-/ | *mə-lək /*mə-lək/ | *dzya /*dzya/ | — |
| 飲 | *ʔɔːk /*ʔɔːk/ | *ɗɯːm.A /*ɗɯːm˧/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *q(r)[u]mʔ /*q(r)[u]mʔ/ | — | — |
| 坐 | *ŋkuːʔ /*ŋkuːʔ/ | *naŋ.B /*naŋ˨/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ /*[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ/ | — | — |
| 立 | *cɔŋ /*cɔŋ/ | *ɟɯn.A /*ɟɯn˧/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *tat- /*tat-/ | *k.rəp /*k.rəp/ | — | — |
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