Modern Tibetan Sino-reading

Sino-Tibetan reading of Chinese characters as used in modern Standard (Lhasa) Tibetan, primarily through sound-loans from Modern Standard Mandarin for proper nouns, place names, and political terminology (e.g. 中国 ཀྲུང་གོ་ krung-go, 北京 པེ་ཅིང་ pe-cing, 上海 ཧྲང་ཧའེ་ hrang-ha'e). Unlike Sino-Japanese or Sino-Korean, modern Tibetan has no fully systematized, character-by-character Sino-xenic stratum: loans are lexicalized phonetic approximations of specific Mandarin words, not productive single-character readings. Coverage is therefore deliberately sparse — only characters attested in widely-used Mandarin-origin loans in Tibetan publications and signage are filled in.